TY - JOUR TI - Enhancing neural efficiency of cognitive processing speed via training and neurostimulation: An fNIRS and TMS study AU - Curtin, Adrian AU - Ayaz, Hasan AU - Tang, Yingying AU - Sun, Junfeng AU - Wang, Jijun AU - Tong, Shanbao T2 - NeuroImage AB - Speed of Processing (SoP) represents a fundamental limiting step in cognitive performance which may underlie General Intelligence. The measure of SoP is particularly sensitive to aging, neurological or cognitive diseases, and has become a benchmark for diagnosis, cognitive remediation, and enhancement. Neural efficiency of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) is proposed to account for individual differences in SoP. However, the mechanisms by which DLPFC efficiency is shaped by training and whether it can be enhanced remain elusive. To address this, we monitored the brain activity of sixteen healthy participants using functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) while practicing a common SoP task (Symbol Digit Substitution Task) across 4 sessions. Furthermore, in each session, participants received counterbalanced excitatory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) during mid-session breaks. Results indicate a significant involvement of the left-DLPFC in SoP, whose neural efficiency is consistently increased through task practice. Active neurostimulation, but not Sham, significantly enhanced the neural efficiency. These findings suggest a common mechanism by which neurostimulation may aid to accelerate learning. DA - 2019/09// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.020 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 198 SP - 73 EP - 82 J2 - NeuroImage LA - en SN - 10538119 ST - Enhancing neural efficiency of cognitive processing speed via training and neurostimulation UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1053811919304033 Y2 - 2021/06/01/17:27:03 ER -